|
1st
Semester
CORE COURSES
Theo.
Prac.
13 credits
BTC C11: Biomolecules and Macromolecules
25
25
2+2 credits
BTC C12: Cell Biology 25
25
2+1 credits
BTC C13: Metabolism
25
-
2+0 credits
BTC C14: Biophysical Chemistry and
Instrumentation
25
25
2+2
credits
SUPPORTIVE COURSES
5 credit
BTC S11: Microbial Genetics
25
-
2+0credits
BTC S12: Microbiology
25
25
2+1 credits
2nd
Semester
CORE COURSES
10 credits
BTC C21: Genetics
25
-
2+0 credits
BTC C22: Biostatistics 25
-
2+0 credits
BTC C23: Molecular Biology 25
25
2+1 credits
BTC C24: Recombinant DNA Technology
25
25
1+2 credits
SUPPORTIVE COURSES 8
credits
BTC S21: Enzymes and Reaction Kinetics
25
25
2+2 credits
BTC S22: Immunology
25
25
2+2 credits
3rd
Semester
CORE COURSES
9 credits
BTC C31: Microbial Technology
25
25
2+2 credits
BTC C32: Environmental Biotechnology
25
-
2+0 credits
BTC C33: Genomics & Proteomics 25
25
2+1 credits
SUPPORTIVE COURSES
7 credits
BTC S31: Bioprocess Engineering 25
25
2+1 credits
BTC S32: Computer Application and
Bioinformatics
25
25
2+2 credits
OPTIONAL COURSES
2 credit
BTC O31: Evolution Biology and Biodiversity 25
-
2+0 credits
BTC O32: Protein Engineering
25
-
2+0 credits
4th
Semester
CORE COURSES 5
credits
BTC C41: Medical Biotechnology 50
-
3+0 credits
BTC C42: IPR, Bio-safety and Bio-ethics 25
-
2+0 credits
SUPPORTIVE COURSES 7
credits
BTC S41: Plant Biotechnology
25
25
2+2 credits
BTC S42: Animal Biotechnology
50
-
3+0 credits
Seminar -
25
0+2 credits
Grand Viva
-
25
0+2 credits
| Detailed
Syllabus for the two year M.Sc.Programme in Biotechnology
|
First
Semester
BTC C11: Biomolecules
and Macromolecules:
Water, Buffers, concept of Chemical
bonding, Forces involved in biological molecules, Chemistry
of Carbohydrates - mono, di- and polysaccharides; Chemistry
of amino acids and peptides, chemical synthesis of peptides;
lipids-classification; structure and function, their role
in biological membranes. Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and
Quaternary Structure of proteins; µ-helix, b-sheet and collagen structure, bonds
stabilizing protein structure; helix-coil transition, amino
acid sequences ; allosteric interactions, cooperative ligand
binding in Oxygen transporters, Hill equation, Separation
techniques for proteins, Watson-Crick model of DNA; sugar
puckerings , base stacking; B-; A- and Z- DNA ; denaturation
kinetics of DNA , Cot curves; structure of tRNA and ribosomes,
Supercoiling of DNA and its influence on structure, Nucleosomal
structure.
Practicals
Titration of amino acids, Colorimetric
determination of pK, Reactions of amino acids, sugars and
lipids, Quantitation of ascorbic acids and sugars, Estimation
of proteins by different methods, SDS-PAGE, Analysis of
oils-iodine number, saponification value, acid number.
BTC
C12: Cell Biology
The evolution of cell; from prokaryotes
to eukaryotes; from single cells to multicultural organisms;
looking at the structure of the cell; Isolating cells and
growing them;
fractionation of cell. Internal organization of the cell:
Membrane structure; Membrane constituents- phospholipids,
glycolipids, cholesterol, membrane proteins; receptors and
phospholipases; Phospholipid bilayer- structure, asymmetry,
fluid mozaic
model of random diffusion of membrane components, domains
in membrane- natural and artificial membranes passive movements
of solutes , ion distribution; mediated permeation; ionophores;
membrane transport of small molecules and the ionic basis
of membrane excitability; principles of membrane transport;
carrier proteins and active membrane transport; ion channels
and electrical properties of membranes; intracellular compartments
and protein sorting; compartmentalization of cells; transport
of proteins into mitochondria and chloroplasts; peroxisomes;
the endoplasmic reticulum. Methods of studying the cell
surface, re-constitutional studies; fluorescence assisted
methods e.g.flow cytometry; membrane active peptides; membrane
cytoskeleton; membrane anchorage of proteins Vescicular
traffic in the secretary and endocytic pathway; transport
from the ER through the Golgi apparatus; transport from
the Trans Golgi Network; Transport from Plasma membrane
via Endosomes; endocytosis;transcytosis; transport from
the Trans Golgi Network to the cell surface; Exocytosis;
the molecular mechanisms of vescicular transport and maintenance
of compartmental diversity. Cell signaling; signaling via
G-protein-linked cell surface receptors; signaling via Enzyme-linked
cell surface. Cytoskeleton: The nature of cytoskeleton;
Intermediate Filaments; Microtubules; Cilia and Centrioles;
Actin filaments; actin binding proteins; muscle. Cell division
cycle- general strategies of the cell cycle; yeast and molecular
genetics of cell- cycle control; cell-division control in
multicellular animals .The mechanism of cell division ;
M phase; mitosis; cytokinesis ; cell junctions , cell-cell
adhesion, the extracellular matrix; extracellular matrix
receptors- the integrins; the Plant Cell Wall.
Practicals
Subcellular fractionations of tissue by centrifugation,
Extraction of secondary metabolites (alkaloids, teroidal sapogenins) from plant tissues; separation
and identification of alkaloids and steroids by TLC and
HPLC, Microscopy: Bright field, Phase Contrast & Fluorescence
.
BTC C13: Metabolism
Carbon cycle, bioenergetics and metabolism,
the ATP cycle and glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, electron
transport, oxidative phosphorylation and regulation of ATP
production, membranes –its structure and role in ATP generation
oxidative degradation of fatty acids and amino acids in
animal tissues correlation between carbohydrate, amino acids
and fatty and degradation, Metabolism of nitrogen compounds
protein turnover, metabolic regulation of enzymes, nitrogen
fixation - mechanisms and control he nitrogen cycle as the
source of cellular biosynthetic intermediates.
BTC
C14: Biophysical Chemistry and Instrumentation
Thermodynamics: extensive and intensive
variables; mathematical description of a system with two
or more variables, exact and partial differential; first
law of thermodynamics, isothermal process, entropy and second
law of thermodynamics, reversible and irreversible process,
free energy and chemical potential; Gibb’s free energy;
Application of thermodynamics in biological systems. Techniques
and Instrumentation: Principles and application following
spectroscopy in biological systems: Absorption Spectroscopy
(UV-visible), Fluorescence and Phosphorescence, Circular
Dichroism (CD), Infrared spectroscopy (IR), Resonance Raman
spectroscopy; Electron spin resonance (ESR), Liquid Scintillation
counter; pH meter; Ultracentrifuges, Optical microscopes,
optical microscopy; phase, ultraviolet and interference
microscope- their basic principles; optical systems and
ray diagrams- their applications in cell biology; fluorescence
microscope; microspectrophotometry of cells and tissues,
fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS). Electron microscopy:
theory of magnetic and electrostatic lenses and their focal
length; construction of electron microscope; limiting resolution
and useful magnification; contrast formation; shadowing
and staining technique; scanning electron microscopy; specimen
preparation techniques; application of electron microscopy
in cell and molecular biology; embedding and section cutting.
Practicals
Absorption spectrum of proteins, Determination
of concentration of proteins and DNA by Absorption spectroscopy,
Estimation of number of free cysteins of a protein by absorption
spectroscopy using DTNB reaction, Fluorescence spectrum
of protein, Study of protein unfolding by fluorescence spectroscopy.
BTC
S11: Microbial Genetics
Genetic recombination in Bacteria :. Identification and selection of mutants, transformation, natural transformation
systems, mechanism, gene mapping by transformation; chemical-mediated
and electrotransformation. Conjugation-discovery, nature
of donor strains and compatibility, interrupted mating and
temporal mapping, Hfr, F12 heteroduplex analysis, chromosome
transfer in other bacteria, molecular pathway of recombination. Transduction:Generalized
and specialized transduction; gene mapping by specialized
transduction., mechanism of generalized transduction, abortive
transduction.
Techniques of studying Bacteriophages-virulent phage(T4) and Temperate phage(phage lambda). Important aspects
of life cycles; phage genome and gene mapping; host parasite
relationship, immunity and repression; site specific recombination(lambda
and PI),Transposable phage(Phage Mu), genetic organization
and transposition , Mu as a genetic tool.
Plasmids:Types,detection,replication,partitioning,
copy-number control and transfer; properties of some known
plasmids; genetic rearrangements and their evolutionary
significance; Phase variation in Salmonella and others;
BAC,PAC,YAC.
Aspects of Fungal genetics, Yeast genetics,Heterothallism and mating type switches, gene disruption
plasmids.
Genes, mutation and mutagenesis, UV and Chemical mutagens, types of mutation,
Ames test for mutagenesis, method of genetic analysis, bacterial
genetic system.
BTC
S12: Microbiology
The beginning of Microbiology: Discovery
of the microbial world by Anthony van Leeuwenhoek. Endosymbiotic
concepts and evidences controversy over spontaneous generation.
Role of microorganisms in transformation of organic matter
and in the causation of diseases. Distribution and classification
of bacteria, fungi, anaerobes, cyan bacteria and protozoa.
Cultivation, propagation and preservation of microorganisms,
sterilization and disinfectants.
Methods in Microbiology: Pure culture
techniques; Theory and practice of sterilization, principles
of Microbial nutrition: Construction of culture media, Enrichment
culture techniques for isolation of chemoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs
and photosynthetic microorganisms. Microbial Evolution:
Systemetics and Taxonomy: Evolution of earth and earliest
life forms; primitive organisms and their metabolic strategies
and molecular coding. New approaches to bacterial taxonomy
classification including ribotyping; Ribosomal RNA sequencing;
characteristics of primary domains; Taxonomy. Nomenclature
and Bergery’s Manual. Microbial Growth: The definition of
growth, mathematical expression of growth, growth curve,
measurement of growth and growth yields; Synchronous growth;
onbtinous culture; growth as affected environmental factors
like temperature, acidity, alkalinity. Water availability
and oxygen; Culture collection and maintenance of cultures.
Overview of Basic Metabolism & Microbial Nutrition.
Metabolic Diversity among Microorganisms Photosynthesis
in microorganism photosynthesis in microorganisms; Role
of Chlorophylls, carotenoids and phycobilins calvin cycle;
chemolithotrophy; Hydrogen –iron – oxidizing bacteria; Nitrate
and sulfate reduction; Mehtanogenesis and acetogenesis;
fermentation – diversity, synttrophy, role of anoxic decompositions;
Nitrogen fixation; Hydrocarbon transformation. Prokaryotic
Diversity; Bacteria: Purple and green bacteria; Cyanobacteria;
Homoacetogenic bacteria; Acetic acid bacteria; Budding and
appendaged bacteria; Endospore forming rods and cocci; Mycobacterium;
Rickettsias; Methenogens; Hyperthermophilic archaea, Thermoplasma.
Eukarya; Algae: fungi, Slime molds and protozoa; microbial
Diseases: Disease reservoirs; Epidemiological terminologies;
Infectious disease transmission. Respiratory infections
caused by bacteria and viruses; Tuberculosis; Sexually transmitted
diseases including AIDS; Disease transmitted by animals(
rabbits, plague). Insects and ticks (rickettsias, Lyme diseases,
malaria), Food and water borne diseases, Public health and
water quality; Pathogenic fungi; Emerging and resurgent
infectious diseases Host-Parasite Relationships. Normal
micro flora of skin: oral cavity. Gastrointestinal tract.
Entry of pathogens into the host; Colonizationand factors
predisposing to infections; Types of toxic (Exo-Endo-Entero-)
and their structure, Mode of actions, Virulence and Pathogenesis
Prokaryotic Cells Structure-function Cell walls of eubacteria
(peptidoglycan) and related molecules; Outer-membrane of
Gramnegative bactreria. Cell wall and cell membrane systhesis,
Flagella and motility. Cell inclusions
like endospores gas vesicles chemotherapy Antibiotics
Antimicrobial agents Sulfa drugs. Antibiotics Peniciling
and cephalosporins. Board-spectrum antibiotics. Antibiotics
from prokaryotes Ant fungal antibiotics: Mode of action
Resistance to antibiotics Microbial physiology capsules,
slimelayers, pili, flagella, cell wall, matrix materials,
tactic movements-chemotaxis. Basic concepts of tactic movements,
chemotaxxis Growth kinetics, nutrition and energetic, biomass,
basics of sugar and amino acid metabolism in microorganisms.
Microbiology in public health: Mycobacteria, enterobacteria
and protozoa Soil bacteria, Nitrogen fixation. Antibiotics,
drug resistance, MD.
Practicals
Prepartion of liquid and solid media for
growth of microorganism, isolation and maintenance of organism
by plating, streaking and serial dilution methods, slant
and stab cultures, storage of microorganism. Isolation of
pure cultures, Growth curve, microscopic examination of
bacteria, yeast and molds, Gram stain, Assay of Antibiotics,
Analysis of water.
Second
Semester
BTC C21: Genetics
Mendel's experiments, monohybrid
and dihybrid cross; sexual vis-a-vis sexual reproduction;
applications of chi square test; deviation from Mendelian
segregation; linkage ; genetic map; Mendelism in Human Genetics
: Pedigree analysis ; inheritance characteristics of sex-linked
and autosomal traits; chromosomes as physical basis of inheritance;
chromosome aberrations. Sex-linked deleterious genes; non-
Mendelian inheritance; parental imprinting; anticipation;
dynamic mutations and neurological abnormalities; dysgenic
effect of medicine; cancer genetics; immunogenetics; mapping
of human genome; somatic cell genetics; DNA polymorphism
in mapping; structure and function; biochemical genetics;
polygenic inheritance.
BTC
C22: Biostatistics
Probability and statistics;
population, variables, collection, tabulation and graphical
representation of data, frequency distribution, central
tendency and skewness, binomial, Poisson and Gaussian distributions,
additive and multiplicative laws of probability, concept
and correlation; regression; methods of least squares; chi-square
tests, random number generation- testing and use; probability
density and cumulative distribution function; systematic
and random sampling.
BTC
C23: Molecular Biology
DNA replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes: General
features and enzymology; detailed mechanisms of initiation,
elongation and termination; experiments underlying each
step and role of individual factors; telomerases: mechanism
of replication, maintenance of integrity and role in cancer;
Transcription: RNA polymerase subunits, different sigma
factors- related to stress, viral infections etc., initiation,
elongation and termination (rho-dependent and independent)
of RNA synthesis; antitermination, attenuation and other
influences of transnational apparatus on the process of
transcription; eukaryotic promoters, enhancers, transcription
factors, RNA polymerases; various protein motifs involved
in DNA-protein interactions during transcription; translation:
in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, processing of mRNA for translation
and involvement of different transnational factors at different
stages of the process. DNA damage and repair: factors affecting
DNA bases, identification and molecular characterization
of repair enzymes in photoreactivation, excision, recombination,
and SOS pathways; recombination and transposition: models
for homologous recombination- the Holliday, Meselson-Radding
and RecBCD pathways and their experimental supports; meiotic
recombination- mechanism, the double-stranded DNA breaks;
site-specific recombination and transposition.
Practicals
Isolation of Genomic DNA from bacteria,
plant and tissues, isolation of RNA, isolation of poly A+RNA,
in vitro transcriptions, RFC
BTC
C24: Recombinant DNA Technology
Principles and methods of recombinant
DNA technology- hybridization, cloning, sequencing, polymerase
chain reaction, genome projects; gene manipulations; cloning
in E.coli, plasmids, bacteriophages and cosmid vectors,
cloning strategies, genomic and cDNA library; expression
of cloned genes in E. coli, products made in E.
coli by genetic engineering; cloning in yeast: transformation
in yeast, yeast vector development: Yep, YRp, YCp and YIp,
2m plasmid, yeast artificial chromosome (YAC), retrovirus
like vector (Ty) in yeast/shuttle vector; features of yeast
promoter and expression of cloned genes; yeast 2-hybrid
system; plasmid shuffling to explore interactive domains
of multimeric proteins; the cassette model for mating type
switches and silencing of genes. Genetic
engineering of plants: transformation of plants, manipulating
gene expression in plants, selectable markers and reporter
genes, Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Genetic elements
present on the Ti plasmid, genetic engineering of the Ti
plasmid, vectors used to introduce foreign DNA into plant
cells- binary cloning vector, disarmed Ti plasmid, cointegrate
cloning vector; comparison of methods for transfer of DNA
to plants, manipulation of gene expression in plants; production
of transgenic plants without reporter or marker genes.
Practicals
Isolation of plasmid DNA, transformation,
restriction enzyme digestion, ligation , Southern blotting,
Northern blotting, Overexpression of proteins, PCR analysis,
protein-DNA interactions.
BTC
S21: Enzymes and Reaction Kinetics
Definition of enzymes;
active site, substrate, coenzyme, cofactor and different
kinds of enzyme inhibitors; enzyme kinetics, two substrate
kinetics, three substrate kinetics, deviation from linear
kinetics; ligand binding studies; rapid kinetics; association
and dissociation constants; use of isotopes in enzyme kinetics
mechanism analysis; effect of pH, temperature and isotopically
labeled substrates on enzyme activity; allosteric model
of enzyme regulation; substrate induced conformational change
in enzyme.
Practicals
enzyme kinetics, effects of pH and
temperature on enzyme activity, use of inhibitors for active
site determination, Michaelis-Menten equation: determination
KM and Vmax
BTC
S21: Immunology
Blood & Blood cells, Bone Marrow,
Reticulo-Endothelial system & ABO Blood groups. Tissue
fluid, Lymph, Lymphatics, Lymph nodes and Spleen. Cardiovascular
System (Heart, ECG, Blood Pressure, Sino - Aortic mechanism,
Regional & Capillary circulation.
Immunoglobins, organization
and expressions of Ig genes; B cell maturation, activation
and differentiation; MHC/ HLA; antigen processing and presentation;
T-cells, T-cell receptors, T-cell maturation, activation
and differentiation; cytokines; cell mediated and humoral
effector responses, auto immunity, immunodeficiency diseases,
transplantation immunology, cancer and immune system. Monoclonal
and polyclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibody technique.
Practicals
Blood film prepartion and identification
of cells, double diffusion and Immunoelectrophoresis, Radial
Immnunodiffusion, Western Blotting, ELISA, Immunodiagnostics
(using commercial kits).
Third
Semester
BTC
C31: Microbial Technology
Biology of Industrial Microorganisms:
(Saccharomyces, Aspergillus, penicillia, spore forming bacteria
etc); Idea of Fermentation, Cell growth, Regulation of Metabolism,
Substrate Assimilation/Product Secretion.; Different fermentative
system; Batch and Continuous Process, Fermentor Design,
Surface and submerged liquid substrate fermentation; Solid
Substrate Fermentations, Fermentation raw materials, Down
stream processing, Bio-mass production (alcohol, lactic
acid, cheese making, bread making, soya based foods, meat
fermentation, vinegar, industrial chemical, bio-polymer,
bioinsecticides, food additive [amino acids, nucleosides,
vitamins, fats and oils], health care products {antibiotics,
steroids, vaccines}, Production of Industrial solvents[alcohol,
acetone, butanol etc.]); Industrial Enzymes (amylase, proteases,
lipases), concepts of immobilized enzymes.
Practicals
Isolation of industrially important
microorganisms for microbial processes, isolation of lactobacillus
sp. from Curd, production of lactic acid from whey, production
of baker’s yeast, production of alcohol, detection of microbial
protease production, cellulase production by microorganisms.
BTC C32: Environmental Biotechnology
Basic concepts and issues,
Types of environment pollution, Methods for the measurement
of pollution, Methodology of environment management-the
problem solving approach and its limitations. Air pollution
and its control. water pollution and its control. Water
as a scarce natural source, Need for water management. Measurement
of water pollution, source of water pollution. Waste-water
management-physical, chemical and biological treatment processes
microbiology of waste water treatments, Aerobic process,
activated sludge, oxidation ditches, Trickling filter, towers,
rotating drums, oxidation ponds--- Anaerobic processes anaerobic
digestion, anaerobic filters, Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket
reactors. Treatment schemes for wastewater s of diary, distillery.
Tannery, sugar, antibiotic industries. Microbiology of degradation
of Xenobiotics in Environment- Ecological considerations,
decay7 behavior and degradative plasmids. Hydrocarbons substituted
hydrocarbons, oil pollution, surfactants, pesticides Bioremediation
of contaminated soils and waste land Biopesticides in integrated
pest management. Solid wastes sources and management(composing,
worm culture and methane production) Global Environmental
problems Ozone depletion, UV-B, greenhouse effect and acid
rain, their impact and biotechnological approaches for management
Energy. Basic concepts and issues. Role of Biotechnology
in energy production. Biomass production and conversion
into gaseous and liquid fuels, by the microbial fermentation
route Bioconversion of Agro wastes into
Fuels by Microbial process. Liquid fuels (Diesel
oil, gasohol) from renewable sources Bioenergy economics
and biofuel costs.
BTC C33: Genomics and Proteomics
Genomics: genetic and physical maps, physical
mapping and map-based cloning, choice of mapping population,
simple sequence repeat loci, southern and fluorescence in
situ hybridization for genome analysis, chromosome microdisection,
molecular markers in genome analysis; RAPD and AFLP analysis,
molecular markers linked to disease resistant genes, application
of RFLP in forensic, disease prognosis, genetic counseling,
pedigree, varietal etc. Genome sequencing: genome sizes,
organelle genomes, genomic libraries, strategies for genome
sequencing, packaging, transfection and recovery of clones,
application of sequence information for identification of
defective genes. Pharmacogenetics,
genetics of globin triplet repeat disorders, cancer genetics;
immunogenetics; mapping of human genome; somatic cell genetics;
DNA polymorphism in mapping; structure and function; biochemical
genetics; polygenic inheritance, Microarray.
Proteomics: Mass spectroscopy, basic principle, MALDI-TOF, ESI; 2-D Gel
electrophoresis, Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
(NMR), basic principles, chemical shift, spin-spin interaction,
NOE, 2D-NMR , NOESY,COSEY.
X-ray Crystallography: Principle
of X-ray diffraction, scattering vector, structure factor,
phase problem, reciprocal lattice and Ewald sphere, Miller
indices, Zone axes, crystal lattice, Lane Equations, Bragg’s
law, special properties of protein crystals, model
building, refinement and R-factor.
Practicals
DNA sequencing, PCR based site directed
mutagenesis, Protein electrophoresis-1D+2D.
BTC S31: Bioprocess Engineering
Introduction to Bioprocess Engineering,
Bioreactors and membrane Bioreactors and Membrane Bioreactors,
Isolation Preservation and Maintenance of Industrial Microorganisms,
Kinetics of microbial growth and death, Media and medial
sterilization for Industrial Fermentation, Air quality Management
and Air sterilization, Types of fermentation processes.
Analysis of batch, Fedbatch and continuous bioreactors,
stability of microbial reactors, analysis of mixed microbial
populations, specialized bioreactors (pulsed fluidized,
photobioreactors etc). Fermentation kinetic and monitoring,
Measurement and control of bioprocess parameters.
Downstream
processing: Introduction, Removal of microbial cells and
solid matter, foam reparation, precipitation, filtration,
centrifugation, cell disruptions, liquid-liquid extraction,
chromatography, membrane process. Drying and crystallization,
Effluent treatment D.O.C. and C.O.D. treatment and disposal
of effluents. Whole cell Immobilization and their Industrial
Applications, Immobilized enzymes in aqueous and non-aqueous
media, bioconversion and Biotransformation. Industrial Production
of chemicals: Alcohol (ethanol). Acids (citric, acetic and
gluconic), Solvents (glycerol, acetone, butanon), Antibiotics
(penicillin, streptomycinl, tetracy6cline), microlodes,
anticancer antibiotic, Amino acids (lysine, glutamic acid),
Single Cell Protein, single Cell Lipids. Use of microbes
in mineral beneficiation and oil recovery. Introduction
to Food technology elementary idea of canning and packin-Fat-Based
Edible products, Sterilization and Pasteurization of food
Products. Fast-based Nutraceuticals Technology of Typical
Food/ food products (bread, cheese, idli, Agro-products
(oilseeds) Food preservation, Food colors, Flavors, and
Antioxidants. Introduction to Bioprocesses Technology, Hydrogenation,
Oxidation, Esterification, Polymerization, Introduction
of Microbial Biotechnology-Fine Chemicals (e.g. Biosurfactants,
Spirulina, Yeast), oleo chemicals (Fatty acids, Glycerol,
Methol-petrochemicals-perfumery chemicals Drugs and pharmaceuticals.
Practicals
Production and estimation lipase
etc., Microbial production of antibiotics, Use of alginate
for cell immobilization.
BTC
S32: Computer Application and Bioinformatics
General ideas on computer: Why computer,
Information explosion in life sciences< need for processing;
human being as information processor, as information generator,
Class of problems that can be solved by a digita computer,
problems which may not solved by digital computers.
Components of a digital computer:
Block diagram of digital computer-detail of input units, output units, central processing unit pointing devices,
fast input devices. Exotic input/output devices. Secondary
storage devices. Types of digital computer, generation of
digi9tal computer. Organization; low level and high-level
language: binary number system Structured computer Organization:
Various levels of digital computer, operating system as
resource manager.
Windows-basic
concepts and commands Unix as a multi user, multi tasking
operating system Introduction to Linux Introduction to programming
in C/MATLAB word processing, Spreadsheets, computer graphics
and presentation software Algorithm and flow chart Sequential,
conditional and looping problems
Artificial vis-a-vis Natural language Low and high level languages the
basic concepts Binary number system Basic concepts of translation
process (syntax, semantics etc) C as a programming language
Alphabets and language elements Operators and separators
strings Flow control, Relational operators Construction
of compound statements Functions and structured programming-
Top down approach, character processing Network and Internet
Introduction and applications
Bioinformatics:
Applications and Prospects, Genome and protein information
resources, sequence analysis, multiple sequence alignment,
homology and analogy, pattern recognition, analysis package.
BTC O31: Evolution Biology and Biodiversity
Origin of life (include in aspects of periodic
environment and molecular evolution); concepts of evolution,
Theo rise of organic evolution; mechanisms of speciation;
Hardy-Weinberg genetic equilibrium; genetic polymorphisms
and selection; origin and evolution of economically important
microbes; interactions between environment and biota, types
of ecosystems, population ecology and biological control;
community structure and organization, concept of habitat
and ecological niches, limiting factor, energy flow, food
chain, food web and tropic levels, ecological pyramids and
recycling, biotic community- concept, structure, dominance,
fluctuation and succession; ecosystem dynamics and management,
stability and complexity of ecosystems, speciation and extinctions,
environmental impact assessment; principles of conservation;
conservation strategies; sustainable development.
BTC O32: Protein Engineering
Objectives, Technologies:
rational design, random design, De novo protein design,
Engineering enzymes, Engineering stability, Engineering
specificity, Engineering for protein purifications, Engineering
antibodies, Engineering signal molecules (hormones/receptors).
Different expression systems; bacteria, yeast, animal cells,
baculovirus-insect cells, plants. Applications of Protein
Engineering: Industrial enzymology, For Heath care (drug
discovery, peptide and polypeptide vaccines, antibodies,
hormones receptors and biosensors, growth factors,
bioscreening, drug delivery).
Fourth
Semester
BTC C41: Medical Biotechnology
Disease diagnosis-probe, PCR,LCR immunologicalassay.
Detection of genetic, Neurogenetic disorders involving Metabolic
and Movement disorders. Treatment-products from recombinant
and non-recombinant organisms, Interferons, Antisense therapy,
cell penetrating peptides, Gene therapy, Types of gene therapy,
somatic virus germline gene therapy, mechanism of gene therapy,
Immunotherapy, Detection of mutations in neoplastic diseases
MCC, SSCP, DGGE, PTTC.
Virology: Classification and modes
of propagation; bacterial, plant and animal viruses: morphology
and ultrastructure; assay of viral particles, cell culture;viral
enzymes, nucliec acids, DNA viruses: Herpes, Hepatitis B,
Adeno virus; RNA viruses: Polio, VSV, Influenza, Retroviruses:
Structure, life cycle, transformation; TMV, Baculoviruses,;
Response to viral infections: slow and persistent infections,
Antiviral agents, Interferons.
Drug designing, delivery and targeting.
Forensic medicine phamacogenomics.
BTC C42: IPR, Bio-safety and Bio-ethics
Economics, Biosafety. Patent rights
and Special Topics Biotechnology R & D and industry:
Business aspects of biotechnology, research and market place,
Finance and human resources: Intellectual property right:
patents, R & D partnership, license agreement and joint
venture
Strategic decision-making: Techno
managerial aspects, return on investment, Regulations of
biotechnology based products and industry, Biohazards, human
safety, environmental and ecological hazards; Bioethics:
Biotechnology information, communication and public perception,
Future prospects of consumers and social acceptance.
BTC S41: Plant Biotechnology
Plant
cell tissue and organ cultures: Introduction to cell and
tissue culture techniques; tot potency ;
Morphogenesis in vitro; Organogenesis and
somatic embryogenesis; Micropropagation and clonal propagation.
Synthetic seeds;Germplasm preservation in vitro;
Production of haploids and triploids (anther, microspore
and endosperm culture); Protoplast culture and somatic hybridization; nuclear and cytoplasmic
hybrids.Somaclonal variation in plant cell culture and regenerated
plants; Cryopreservation and germplasm conservation
Transgenic plant technology:
Gene transfer(vertical) by classical methods; horizontal
gene transfer; methods of genetic transformation in plants;
methods of nuclear transformation; Organelle
transformation; advantages; Direct transformation
of plant systems using physical methods; Agrobacterium
mediated plant transformation; manipulating gene expression
in plants, selectable markers and reporter genes, Agrobacterium
tumefaciens; Genetic elements present on the Ti plasmid,
genetic engineering of the Ti plasmid, vectors used to introduce
foreign DNA into plant cells- binary cloning vector, disarmed
Ti plasmid, cointegrate cloning vector; comparison of methods
for transfer of DNA to plants, manipulation of gene expression
in plants; production of transgenic plants without reporter
or marker genes. Application of plant transformation for
productivity and performance; herbicide resistance; Insect
resistance; Bt genes; long shelf life of fruits and flowers;
molecular farming, benefits and risks; Transgene stability
and gene silencing; Strategies to avoid gene silencing and
improve gene expression in transgenic plants; ethics and
plant genetic engineering; metabolic engineering and industrial
products; plant secondary metabolites, control mechanisms
and manipulations of phenylpropanoid pathway; alkaloids
etc.
Practicals
Basic techniques in plant cell, tissue
and organ culture; Excised embryo culture; Organogenesis
and somatic embryogenesis; Stages of micropropagation ;
Callus and cell suspension culture; isolation and culture
of protoplasts; basic techniques in genetic transformation
in plants; transformation with wild type and disarmed strains
of Agrobacterium.
BTC S42: Animal Biotechnology
Structure and organization of animal
cell. Equipments and materials for animal cell culture technology
Primary and established cell line cultures Introduction
to the balanced salt solution and simple growth medium Brief
discussion on the chemical, physical and metabolic functions
of different constituents of culture medium Role of carbon
dioxide Role of serum and supplements. Serum & protein
free defined media and their application. Measurement of
viability and cytotoxicity Biology and characterization
of the cultured cells, measuring parameters of growth Basic
techniques of mammalian cell culture in vitro, disaggregation
of tissue and
primary culture, maintenance of cell culture; cell separation
Scaling-up of animal cell culture cell synchronization cell
cloning and micromanipulation cell transformation. Application
of animal cell culture. Stem cell culture embryonic stem
cells and their applications. Cell culture based vaccines
Somatic cell genetics Organ and histotypic
cultures Measurement of cell death Apoptosis three
dimensional culture.General idea on animal growth development
Mammalian (including human) reproduction endocrine control
and hormone-cascade Comparison with Birds (Chicken) and
Fish reproduction. General differentiation: Genesis and
spermatogenesis Genes and markers associated with gametogenesis.
In vitro gamet maturation. In vitro sterilization
(IVF) and embryo transfer (ET), Sex determination or sex
specific makers, sexing of sperm and embryos, Assisted reproductive
technology (ART). Animal genes and their regulation, some
specific promoters for tissue specific expression. Improvements
of animal/fish by biotechnology by transgenic approach with
specific examples, embryo splitting and animal cloning.
Genetically engineered animals for pharmacological research.
Animals as bioreactors: production of IFN/TNF in milk/egg
white, Developmental Biology.
Summer Project:
A project performance report based
on the summer research training in a reputed laboratory
of excellence will have to be submitted. A presentation
of the accomplishments will be required before a panel of
experts. Evaluation will be based on both the project report
and presentation.
Seminar: Students would like to present of a published paper before
a panel of experts.
Grand
viva:
Students will be evaluated on all the topics discussed in
the two years course by a panel of experts.
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